Ground Loops — Kent English / 2002

Your brand new component is hooked up, fresh from the box, and the fi rst time you power it up is a sonic disaster; it hums, it buzzes and in general sounds absolutely dreadful. Glaring at your equipment or dealer doesn’t help and twisting knobs only makes the noise worse; what now? From years of experience we fi nd that the vast majority of excessive noise in audio electronics can be traced directly to poor grounding techniques. While we recommend balanced interconnects on your audio components whenever possible, it must be understood that balanced interconnects address only the problems of… More...

Power Supplies — Nelson Pass / 2001

Lots of people don't understand electricity, but they do understand plumbing. Hydraulics provides a good analogy in understanding basic electrical flow. Wire is a pipe. Water pressure is voltage. Water flow is electrical current. Lakes and storage tanks are capacitors. Diodes are one-way valves. Tubes and transistors are faucets. The entire power circuitry of an amplifier can be seen as a community water system. The sun, driving the weather cycle, deposits water on the landscape, and it collects in a lake behind a dam. The community draws water as needed through pipes. In the winter, the rain collects in the… More...